The third millennium BC beginning 1 January of the year 3000 BC and ends on 31 December of the year 2001 BC included. In the first half of the third millennium we are witnessing a gradual transition from the Bronze Age (mid-western Asia, Europe, Egypt, China). At the beginning of the millennium date from the oldest collections of tablets of Uruk, administrative documents and systematic collections of characters (pictographic and ideographic): they represent the beginnings of writing.

Sargon of Akkad (Akkadian Sharru-kin, "the true king, legitimate"), also known as Sargon the Great, was king of the Akkadian Empire in 2335 BC to 2279 BC (According to the chronology average) and founder of the dynasty of Akkad (Accadia). It was the third ruler to have unified the territories of the Sumerians after Lugalannemundu and Lugalzaggesi. The vast empire of Sargon extended dall'Elam up to the Mediterranean Sea, including parts of Anatolia and Mesopotamia. Although not directly tried (but as reported later sources, not of his contemporaries), Sargon would at some point over the title of "king of the four parts", that is, king of the entire known world. The history of the ancient Near East starts from the Neolithic revolution, proto phase in which man, in other parts of the world, perfected progressively more archaic production technologies. The beginning of the story is traditionally associated with the invention of writing (late fourth millennium BC), but already during the so-called proto-history of the Near East, the expected growth of urban models, Templar and palate is a brand that characterizes the entire period from the fourth millennium BC until the middle of the first millennium BC On the other hand, the role of writing compared with the "rise" of the story is important not so much because it makes available sources of new type, but because, as he writes Mario Liverani, "for the first time there is a complex interaction of human groups within individual communities (social stratification, the constitution of a political leadership role in socio-political ideology). "

The story condensed in the Middle East accounts for half of the entire human history documented. Conventionally is punctuated only by the Neolithic revolution, from the bronze age (from 3500 BC), usually divided into an ancient period (in the context of what occurs with the controversial term, the "urban revolution"), a mean (beginning with the collapse of the empire of Ibbi-Sin and the progressive amorreizzazione the Near East) and one late (beginning with a "dark age", in the sixteenth century BC), before moving to an age of iron, which coincides with the arrival of the Sea Peoples (1200 BCE).

With certainty belongs to  the Indo-European language family different subfamilies language (as if they were branches that stem from the common trunk, the protoindoeuropeo ...) in turn differentiated languages and dialects: the Anatolian languages, spoken in Anatolia already in the nineteenth and eighteenth centuries BC and now extinct. The Anatolian branch is also published one of the languages that have influence on the substrate Aegean Greek classic through their lexical loans.

keover The dialects of the Greek, which is the Indo-European language with most historical continuity and the Mycenaean. The Indo-Iranian, including the branch Indo-Aryan (Indo-European languages spoken in India) and Iranian (Indo-European languages of Iran); in ancient times has witnessed from the Avestic and Vedic Sanskrit; Indo-Iranian dialects are attested in their homes in the first millennium BC; However, traces of the presence unequivocal language of the Indo-Aryans were found in the documents of the Mesopotamian civilizations already between 1900 BC and 1300 BC, in conjunction with the takeover of  dynasties "barbarian" in Babylon, and between the Horites.

The Celtic languages spread from the first millennium BC Eastern Atlantic from Spain to Ireland and now at risk of extinction.

The Italic languages, originally spread in central and southern Italy, and represented, in the first millennium BC, from the Latin,Osco-Umbrian, from Sunni and other minority dialects and Germanic languages, of which it is already certain that around the middle of the first millennium BC were widespread in central and northern Europe, including the Baltic and East European Plain; their first written records date back to the fifth century AD.

The Etruscan language is the one who spoke the Etruscans, civilized people who lived in ancient Italy to start from the middle of the tenth century BC until his submission and confederation with the Romans and its entry in the Roman state. The distribution area of the Etruscan language corresponds, at least in general, to the diffusion of the "Etruscan civilization," which included the following areas of Italy: first of all Etruria proper, which had as its borders south and east of the river Tiber, north and east of the river Arno (Region similar to Mesopotamia, the Tigris and the Euphrates). Always broadly, therefore the ancient Etruria corresponded to today's Tuscany, but to the south also included the present-day northern Lazio, one located north of the Tiber.

The Etruscan language began to speak in Italian from the first arrival of the Etruscans in central Italy facing the Tyrrhenian Sea, coming from Lydia in Asia Minor, according to the famous story of the father of Western historiography, Herodotus. The same Etruscans preserved the historical memory of their migration in Italy - probably in the year 949 BC - As demonstrated by their decree mentioned by Tacitus is two of their famous rituals: the ritual of piling of clavi annales in the temple of the goddess Northia to indicate the passage of time and that of the founding of the city blackberries Etruscan, the one and the other were and can only be explained by an immigrant people in a given territory, which was determined to preserve the historical memory of his arrival and also performed special ceremonies in founding the city from scratch, while they were not, neither be explained by a people that lived in that territory from time immemorial.

What mainly drove many scholars in the past to declare that the Etruscan was not an Indo-European language, was the finding - which was thought to have done - the failure framing of Etruscan numerals of the first ten in the series of the corresponding numerals Indo. They had seen and reported some clear correspondences between Latin and Greek numerals on one side and those of the ancient literary language of India, Sanskrit, on the other. Declaring that as the Etruscan numerals are not framed in the series of Indo-European ones, it must be concluded that the Etruscan is a Indo-European language.

I think now you shall recognize the linguistic science the fact, that all the Etruscan numerals in the first ten are a consistent finding in phonetic many Indo-European numerals. Which is why you will also argue that since Etruscan numerals of the first ten are part of the series of Indo-European ones, it must be concluded that the Etruscan is an Indo-European language.

In general, there seems to be able to interpret that if up to this the inclusion of Etruscan in the family of Indo-European languages is not something easy or peaceful, this was due above all by the fact that we proceeded to compare the Etruscan in prevalently with Latin, that is an Indo-European language strongly evolved with another strongly conservative.

According to the hypothesis kurgan, the hearth of the primitive Indo-Europeans would be identified with the complex of Kurgan cultures north of the Black Sea (the area of the ancient Sarmatia). In an earlier phase (after 4500 BC) would loose the Anatolian branch (perhaps the Culture of Cernavoda) and the branch Tocharian probably the culture of Afanasevo. Subsequently, all other branches.

The kurgan oldest apparently have appeared among the peoples of the Chalcolithic in the Caucasus (Kuban ', Maikop) and shortly after the Russian steppe and southern Ukraine. Immediately after the influence of culture kurgan propagates in most of Eastern Europe, Central and North. The communities of the local Late Chalcolithic adopted new features, such as globular amphora, the Corded Ware, the battle-ax in stone, the domestication of the horse .Sins the second millennium BC you can clearly recognize regional varieties derived from kurgan culture (cultures tomb single), while in Russia the tradition of kurgan persisted longer (catacomb tombs). Sometimes the mounds have complex structures with underground chambers. Inside the rooms in the center of the kurgan, the high-ranking members were buried with luxury goods and sacrificial offerings, such as horses and chariots.

Although the kurgan is essentially a cultural phenomenon, it is observed that, in the steppes of western (but in steps up in ancient Mongolia and the Altai-Sayan Mountains), the corpse buried manifest characteristics europoidi. In particular, given the high stature, the shape of the skull and other features that are found frequently in Kurgan, you can certainly say that at least in the early stages of the Kurgan cultures were spread by a population europoidal type cromagnonoide. Later in the east there is the appearance of Mongoloid features (probably already in the culture of Karasuk), as you can see in the kurgans Pazirik, a phenomenon which seems to be accompanied by the replacement of the Iranian languages in Central Asia and Siberia by turkish-Mongolian language. A Pazirik in the region of Altai is a group of about 40 graves kurgan. The six tombs that were excavated pits consist of 6 m² covered by a low mound of stones. The type of construction and environmental conditions have allowed the excellent preservation of the contents of the graves from the deposition took place from the fifth to the third millennium BC.

It seems obligatory to approach the Etruscans to Kurgan, in this case, it is possible, therefore, that the religious and cultural roots were the umbilical cord in the millennia of these nomads walking for Eurasia? I think it is. So try all archaeological finds funerary and religious nature discovered in the past, and attributed to the Etruscan civilization, around the Mediterranean. As also historical hint is another example of people Kurgan, Kurgan The mound of Kutuluk near Samara, Russia, dated to about twenty-fourth century BC, containing the skeleton of a man, age estimated at between 35 and 40 years and about 152 cm tall. Laid on the left elbow bend of the skeleton there was a copper object length of about 65 cm, with a blade with a cross section in a diamond shape and sharp edges, but without tip, with a hilt, probably originally wrapped in leather. There is no known similar item from the cultures of the Eurasian steppes from the Bronze Age, and the subject has been compared to the ,Vajira the thunderbolt of the Indian god Indra.

In addition to Pazirik was found a rich collection of clothing fabric and felt it was freely decorated with animals typical of the art of the steppes, showing influences both Achaemenid Persian and Chinese. Also present were four-wheeled wagons disassembled, one built much lighter type Chinese. In the tombs, which also had been violated, were three bodies: a man and his wife (tomb 2) and a man (tomb 5). While the first individual manifests Mongoloid features, the last two individuals were clearly europoidi. The men were very tattooed and all the bodies were embalmed. It seems reasonable to assume that this is a population to be connected with the Scythians or Sakas.

According to some scholars, the Scythians belonged to the Indo-European group of probable strain of Iran, or Finno-Altaic. From southern Siberia, in the area between the Caspian Sea and the Altai Mountains, settled in the vast area between the Don and the Danube in the tenth century BC where, vanquished and subdued the Cimmerians, swept, during the sixth century BC, to the Balkans and Pannonia, in the northern basin of the Black Sea, and then touch the eastern Germany and Italy with The Traci . We do know whitch according to Herodotus, the land of Scythia is square in shape, and is bounded on the north by the territories of Agathyrsi, to the east by the Sea of Azov and west by the Euxine. The Sea of Azov is a northern section of the Black Sea, connected to the main body of water from the Strait of Kerch. It is bounded to the north by Ukraine, Russia to the east,to the west by the Crimean peninsula. To the west is also the Arabat Spit, a sandy strip along about 110 km, separating the Sea of Azov by the highly saline lagoon of Sivas. In ancient Greece it was known as Lake Meotiano, Sea Meotiano or "Swamp Maeotis" from the name of the ancient inhabitants of these shores, the "Meoti".

Herodotus says that the Scythians were originally driven by Issedoni, a person  of the far north. The Scythians would then forded the Volga and would settle in the ancient lands of the Cimmerians, then called Scythia, they were hounded by Massagetae.

This undoubtedly proves how easy it was to immigrate at the time or by conquest or by necessity. Also among the few buildings made by the Scythians include the kurgan, burial mounds in which the bodies of the dead were buried along with rich funerary. The mound was built by digging a trench inclined, at whose far end they planted a big pole. With props of wood is supported sides, so the trench was changed in the hallway erecting a conical roof; a shed to the main pole while leaning more poles served as support columns. The interior trim, in the tombs of southern Russia, were wicked, reeds, birch bark, straw or blankets, while at Pazyryk was extensive use of the fallen. Kuban in the interiors was often painted .Another  similarity that we find in the Etruscan necropolis in Tarquinia for example ,in the necropolis of Monterozzi.Una coincidence?

The Scythians entertained commercial relations with the peoples of the Bosphorus Cimmero .The commercial ports on the Black Sea Scythians always replenished Greece of wheat grown in southern Russia, in addition to supply them with sturgeon, salt, tuna, honey, meat, milk, leather and slaves , while imports from Greece pottery, metal objects and jewelry. Imported rugs from Persia, fine fabrics and silk from China, pottery and art objects from Grecia.Come many other peoples of sailors probably....

The religion of the Scythians had some elements in common with that of the Persians, such as the worship of fire, the cult of Mithras, shamanism, the use of intoxicating beverages during the rites, the sacrifice of horses, the oath at the hearth of the sovereign (Sacred Fire), the absence of statuesque depictions of the gods, from the Scythians, had spread the cult of the Great Goddess, already worshiped in southern Russia before the advent of the Scythians, depicted in numerous artefacts found in funerary objects, often surrounded by his sacred animals, the dog and the raven, with a scepter or a banner, appeared as protectress of the chieftain and tutelary deity of oaths, or the center of a ritual iniziazione.Ma this is also the way in which the Goddess Roma is represented in worship Romano (of Etruscan origin), the Goddess who holds the Winged Victory in hand, the Spear in the other, topped by an eagle and a wolf with the foot (canine). The gods worshiped by the Scythians were Estia (Tabitì), Zeus (Papeo), the Earth - which, according to mythology growth, would be the wife of Zeus - Apollo (Etosiro), Aphrodite Urania (Arimeasa). In addition, the Scythians real worshiped even Poseidon (Tagimasada), Heracles and Ares. Except for Ares, the Scythians not erect  temples or altars, nor statue.Esattamente as Archaic age in the Temple of Vesta as the only religious building of downtown.This probably means as mentioned in another article the Roman culture, based on the Etruscan and Greek, however, has for centuries maintained a Eastern identity that gave origin to the more known as Neo Western Culture.

The first findings consistent making use of the "swastika" date back to the Neolithic period, although there are some rare finds even dating from the late Paleolithic.

The symbol has been found in numerous fragments of pottery in Khuzestan (Iran) and even in the writing used by the Culture Vinca Neolithic Europe.

Other finds date back to the Bronze Age in the Sintashta in Russia and the Iron Age in the North Caucasus and in Azerbaijan.

A "swastika" also appears in the ruins of the synagogue of Capernaum next to a Star of David.

For the Hindus and Buddhists in India and other Asian countries, the swastika was an important symbol for many thousands of years and, to this day, the symbol can still be seen in abundance - on temples, buses, taxis, and on the cover of books. 

It was also used in Ancient Greece and can be found in the remains of the ancient city of Troy, which existed 4,000 years ago. The ancient Druids and the Celts also used the symbol, reflected in many artefacts that have been discovered. 

It was used by Nordic tribes and even early Christians used the Swastika as one of their symbols, including the Teutonic Knights, a German medieval military order, which became a purely religious Catholic Order. 

The word ‘swastika’ is a Sanskrit word (‘svasktika’) meaning ‘It is’, ‘Well Being’, ‘Good Existence, and ‘Good Luck’. However, it is also known by different names in different countries - like ‘Wan’ in China, ‘Manji’ in Japan, ‘Fylfot’ in England, ‘Hakenkreuz’ in Germany and ‘Tetraskelion’ or ‘Tetragammadion’ in Greece.

In Sanskrit term that has many meanings indicating, among others, a "bard that welcomes", "an intersection of four roads", the "cross your hands or arms on the chest", "a cross-shaped bandage ", the" rooster "," a precious crown-shaped triangular "but, above all, in the meaning of" object propitious "or design / symbol of a Greek cross with arms bent at right angles which, according to the majority of orientalists, would represent the solar disk.

So in Hinduism, the right-hand swastika is a symbol of the God Vishnu and the Sun, while the left-hand swastika is a symbol of Kali and Magic. The double meaning of symbols is common in ancient traditions, like for example the symbol of the pentagram (five pointed star), which is viewed as negative when pointing downwards, and positive when pointing upwards.

Mezine SwastikaThe earliest swastika ever found was uncovered in Mezine, Ukraine, carved on an ivory figurine, which dates an incredible 12,000 years, and one of the earliest cultures that are known to have used the Swastika was a Neolithic culture in Southern Europe, in the area that is now Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, known as the Vinca Culture, which dates back around 8,000 years.

In Buddhism, the swastika is a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, abundance and eternity. It is directly related to Buddha and can be found carved on statues on the soles of his feet and on his heart.  It is said that it contains Buddha’s mind.

Babylon (also called Babel, Babel or Babil) was a city of ancient Mesopotamia, situated on the Euphrates, whose ruins today coincide with the city of Al Hillah, in the province of Babylon in Iraq about 80 km south of Baghdad.

It was the sacred city of the kingdom of the same name in 2300 BC and capital Babylonian Empire in 626 BC Babel in the Akkadian language means "Gate of God" (Bab-El). Babylon was an example of a great metropolis, well organized, a multi-ethnic character.

The name comes from the Sumerian "KA.DINGIR.RA" whose translation gives Akkadian Bab-Ilani, which means "the Gate of the Gods."

Since the Chaos reigned in the universe, the goddess Tiamat and the god Marduk collided. Marduk wanted to put some order in the universe, and fought until they killed Tiamat.

Marduk then took the body of his enemy Tiamat and split it into two parts, with half formed the firmament of heaven, with the other half formed the foundations of the earth. Then Marduk gave to all the others of their seats and created the sun, moon, stars. But the gods cried, - Lord Marduk you have given a task to each of us but you have not given anyone the mandate to serve and support us while we will perform. Marduk said: - I'll take the blood of Kingu and mud and it will form a small puppet. His name is Man. Man will serve the gods.

Then the gods met, cried: - Lord Marduk, we would like to show our gratitude to build a sanctuary on earth. For two whole years and worked in the third year the city of Babylon was built, and above all, stood the shrine of Marduk.

Well over fifty temples from archaeological findings demonstrate the religiosity of ancient Babylon. In his book Babylonian and Assyrian Religion prof. SH Hooke says that "Babylon was the city where Marduk held primacy over the other gods."

  At the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, according to Hooke in Babylon, there were no fewer than 58 temples belonging to the gods in which the priestly class had an important role.

To show how deep-rooted, wise and important was the religion of Babylon, an ancient cuneiform inscription drew up this report: "There are 53 temples in the complex of Babylon the great gods, 55 chapels of Marduk, 300 chapels to the gods of the Earth, 600 the gods of Heaven, 180 altars to the goddess Ishtar, 180 for the gods Nergal and Adad and 12 other altars for different gods. "

Babylon, located near the modern Hilla, south of Baghdad, at the height of the central fairways of the Euphrates River, was already very old when the Jews were sitting near the water and remembered Zion. The first references to it date back to the third millennium BC, although it is Babylon become an important center only when the invaders arrived from the West Semites made it their capital.

He was the sixth king of this new Semitic dynasty, Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) to erect the first ziggurat of Babylon. He extended his power throughout Mesopotamia and under him the city experienced a period of great cultural flowering. Literature, mathematics, astronomy and astrology were in full bloom, like the law. At Susa, where he was transported around 1600 B.C. By Elamite conquerors, was found a stele of black dirt.

Currently in the Louvre, on it is written the Code of Hammurabi, promulgated by him at the beginning of his reign. It was this legal code inspired the famous Jewish law of retaliation: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. A German expedition led by architect Robert Koldewey performed excavations in Babylon between 1899 and 1917. To navigate through the mounds of earth that covered the ruins, the team disposed of the legendary city of the inscriptions left by some classical authors, in particular those of the greek historian Herodotus, who visited Babylon about 460 BC, and Ctesias, the physician of the Persian king Artaxerxes II.

'It surpasses in splendor any city in the known world', wrote Herodotus, while the biblical authors Babylon was the epitome of luxury and moral decadence. But the Babylon Herodotus, whose ruins are still visible today, was not that of Hammurabi; after the latter's death, which occurred in 1750 BC, the city declined and it languished for a thousand years under the grip of various great powers, and in particular of the Hittites and Assyrians.

Then, in 604 BC, founded a new Babylonian Empire, and his second King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon had the most beautiful city on earth.

The homeland of the Sumerians still remains unknown, but one thing is certain, the Sumerians were not a person of the Semitic race. In addition to this it is well known that they were neither the first nor the only people to inhabit the lands between the Tigris and the Euphrates, but that took place, or rather, were integrated with the cultural complex of 'Ubaid and Uruk, a Semitic people who inhabited these lands and had already achieved a reasonable technological and organizational development.

With regard to the place of origin of the Sumerians, there are several theories. The archaeological evidence shows that around 4000 BC the Sumerians lived in the mountains north of Mesopotamia (Zagros Mountains), the plateau of Iran, near the current border with Turkey. Around 3500 B.C. This population would fall from the mountains to occupy the lower Mesopotamia, at the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates. Others have tried similarities between the Sumerian and ancient Indo-Turkish dialects and languages, but despite the efforts made, the origin of the Sumerians remains uncertain. Finally, some literary allusions seem to indicate that the Sumerians came from the sea.

It makes little sense to ask when the Sumerians arrived in Mesopotamia, also for the fact that you are not confident that their "arrival" was a migration precisely datable. The more likely it was that slow and gradual infiltration, as mentioned, led to the integration with the local culture; label as "Sumerian" subsequent culture that originated is yes legitimate, while always remembering that this is a simplification.

The analysis of the Sumerian lexicon is a proof of the fact that the Sumerian culture originated from more complex integrated cultural. For example, the names of the Sumerian cities do not make sense in the Sumerian language and instead have any similarities with the names of the cities of northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the civilization of 'Ubaid. Many terms relating to the production functions of the base (for example the words that relate to the manufacture of beer, agriculture, leather, constructions, etc..) Are not of Sumerian origin, but due to a language of the substrate, with probable Iranian connections in , and terms that refer to more specialized functions and managerial-administrative type is clear of Sumerian origin.

  For example, are of Sumerian vocabulary related to farming, to navigation, to sculpture, to education and to the right (the tablets report the oldest contracts of sale, registered in the temple, with the price in silver mines, another us say that the stele of Hammurabi is not the first collection of laws, but there were already those of Urnammu and Lipit-Ishtar, which is the donation and inheritance). Finally, many other words related to the functions of mobility and control are of Semitic origin.

Schematically, the Sumerians after their arrival, they find themselves living together and integrated with two populations: the Semites, who were the most important in northern areas, and a population of non-native substrate Sumerian. The Sumerians take hold, especially in lower Mesopotamia, an area where they built their largest cities.After them we see the Akkadians.

The Akkadians were an ancient Semitic population of the Bronze Age Near East III.

Were present in Mesopotamia since Proto-Dynastic II and III (2750-2350 BC, according to the chronology, media), especially in the Media, Mesopotamia (which in the future will take the name of "Akkad").

The Akkadians were a nomadic people, coming, according to tradition, from the Syro-Arabian desert: this is the first population Semitic junta to provide textual documentation (together with the Ebla tablets, language Eblaite].

The Akkadians, who take their name from the capital of Akkad, founded by the first representative of the Akkadian dynasty, Sargon, represent the blatant historical manifestation of a long-term phenomenon, namely the "cohabitation", within the Mesopotamian Semitic populations of the Sumerian civilization , cohabitation that goes back at least to the fourth millennium BC, it is also possible that the Sumerians, assuming that they are "joints" in Mesopotamia from a different location, they found people on the spot "camitosemitiche."

  There is, therefore, a sort of "Sumerian problem" for the interpretation of these relationships: is that with the emergence of political Akkad you have a strong exposure Semitic document element; its prevalence is likely to have paid to a geopolitical preeminence population, which over time will lead to the disappearance or absorption of the element Sumerian (who, for a long time, remain prevalent in Lower Mesopotamia).

  In conclusion, it can be said that the emergence of the Akkadian empire of Akkad in Mesopotamia and should not be attributed, as well as has been done in the past, such a mass migration: there is no "ethnic conflict"-Semitic Sumerians in Mesopotamia : the Semites were present, as mentioned, since the Proto-Dynastic, nor is it possible to indicate flatly civilizations Ubaid and Uruk as an expression of the ethnos Sumerian; Not only that, but in the conflicts between the various Sumerian city-state, the ethnic composition was by no means a decisive role.

The Akkadian language is attested for the first time on some proper names in Sumerian texts of the age of Fara (about 2800 BC), while texts written entirely in this language are known only from the middle of the second millennium BC Akkadian belongs to the family of Semitic languages: according to an ancient subdivision of the Semitic languages of the matrix, would sink its roots in the north-eastern part of the Middle East. [Citation needed]

The life time of this language is therefore between the third millennium BC and about the first century of our era, as long as it survives as a language school and traditional. The oldest form of this language is the paleo-Akkadian or ancient Akkadian (Old Akkadian, OAkk.), Dated between 2500 and 1950 BC As a result, the language is divided into two zones of influence of Mesopotamia, or Babylonia, and Assyria in the south to the north, with its different developments. In Babylon you know the ancient Babylonian (Old Babylonian, OB), known between 1950 and 1530 BC, while the later period (1530-1000 BC) was identified a different dialect, the Babylonian average (Middle Babylonian, MB ). For the more recent period have been identified the Neo-Babylonian (Neo-Babylonian, NB) for the period between 1000 and 625 BC, the Babylonian and late (Late Babylonian, LB) for the period up to 'year zero. Turning to the north, the main dialects were categorized nell'assiro old (Old Assyrian, OR) ranging from 1950 to 1750 BC, the average (Middle Assyrian, MA) from 1500 to 1000 BC, and finally the Neo-Assyrian (neo-Assyrian, NA), comprising the most recent forms. A separate discussion should be undertaken for the "Babylonian standard" (Standard Babylonian, SB), the language "classical" commonly adopted in the dictionaries and the use of which has tried since 1500 BC

Akkadian Empire of Sargon the Akkadian language was in fact the language of the bureaucracy and the army, while the Sumerian remained in use as a liturgical language. The name of the language comes from the city of Akkad, a major center of Mesopotamian civilization.

There are interesting studies Semerano which suggests that there are similarities and affinities between the lexicons of the languages of Mesopotamia, in particular of Akkadian, the ancient languages of Europe, supported by numerous quotations from ancient and modern texts.

With Indo-European languages in linguistics refers to a family of languages spoken by common origin in a great part of the globe. They are generally divided into large groups.

This language family includes most of the languages of Europe, living and extinct, and extends through Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent; during the modern age, because of migration and colonization, has spread to all continents, becoming the dominant family in America, in Australia and in individual regions of Africa.

  For the evolution and history of the proto-language from which they are derived, please refer to the items protoindoeuropeo and Indo-Europeans.

The Etruscan is a language that was spoken and written by the Etruscans. It was spread to various parts of Italy: mainly in Etruria (present-day Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio western North), but also in some areas of the Po valley, in the current Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna, from where they were expelled by the Gauls, and in some areas of Campania, where they were absorbed by the Samnites.

It is a language considered by many non-Indo-European, but today some linguists as Adrados, Bernardini-Olaniyan, etc. Pita. Consider at least in part derived from the Indo-European languages, in particular those of Anatolia, as Luwian. Some scholars, including Helmut Rix, connect the Etruscan also the Rhaetian language, spoken by the networks in the Alpine until the third century.

In 1885 she was found, on the Greek island of Lemnos, in the locality Kaminia, the stele of Lemnos, dual registration of a church built in the column. This entry seems to give a pre-Hellenic in language similar to that of the Etruscans. According to the maximum Greek historian Thucydides, the island of Lemnos was inhabited by groups of Τυρσηνοί ("Tyrrhenian", the Greek name of the Etruscans), and the finding provided evidence that island in the Aegean sure that, even in the sixth century BC, it was spoken a language closely related to Etruscan.

  The inclusion of Lemnos was retrieved on a tombstone on which is carved a warrior. The inscription runs around the head and along one side of the figure of the warrior, and is written in an alphabet Greek epicorico the sixth century BC

Among the clear, readable words, there are two: Avis and sialchveiš, which are rightly compared with the words Etruscan avil "year" and sealch, the numeral "40". The inclusion of Lemnos was published by E. Nachmanson (Athen. Mitteil. 33, 1908, p. 47. Ff.).

Traces of the Etruscans appear in some place names of the Aegean, Crete and Asia Minor: one of many examples is Μύρινα (akin to the noble name Murina Etruscan Tarquinia and Chiusi) and city names in the same Lemnos, in Mysia.

  Some linguists have traced unsafe affinity between Etruscan and Latin names and the names of persons present in the Linear B tablets of Knossos, for example ki-ke-ro.

These data are interpreted by some scholars as an indication of the origin of the Etruscans east; are considered a sign of the end of the Bronze Age relationships between Western and Eastern Mediterranean, by other scholars, which supplement the testimony of the inclusion of Lemnos with that of the Egyptians hieroglyphs Medinet Habu, which speak of the Sea Peoples, and lists among invaders also Taurus, a name that has been compared with the Greek-Tours Anoi (Doric) and Tyrs-ENOI (ionic) and Tyrrh-ENOI (penthouse) and the Latin Tus-us (from * Turs-us) and E-trus-ci.

As is known, the Etruscans were the first, along with the Greeks of Cumae, for use on Italian soil the alphabet as we conceive it today, that is, a transcription system in which each letter corresponds to a sound understanding of the language.

Scholars assume that the Etruscans took them, which then passed to the Romans, from the one used by the Greeks at Cumae. Ours is the heir to the Latin one, and then a direct descendant of the Etruscan. We have therefore made a fairly large number of entries, the majority of funeral, because the linguists are able to make typological and comparative analysis of their language that enables them to establish some facts about some of it.

The rest of the population spoke of the languages or dialects called Italic all related to each other and forming part of the family Caucasian. The Indo-European languages, though now apparently so different as to seem completely separate as the source, stretch, as the name implies, all over Europe and parts of Asia.

The territory they occupy goes from the Atlantic to the borders of Europe and Asia to North and South as far as India in Asia. In Europe, there are only a few examples of languages of a different strain than the Etruscan: Basque has spoken on the Atlantic coast of Spain, Hungarian and Flanders taken from relatively recent migrations from Asia and the languages of the Caucasus. The arrival of the people who spoke Indo-European languages was traditionally determined by the scholars between the third and second millennium. a. C. After the discovery and systematic study of the relationship of these languages between them to the 700 and it was thought that their original home was in Central Asia.

Although these assumptions have not been definitively rejected, there are more recent studies that would propose now more recent dates and Mesopotamia as a possible region of origin of migration.

In Italy, several waves of Indo-European migration overlapped with the original populations, giving rise to a picture format, just spoken by so-called Italic, all quite similar to each other, of which the Latin, the language spoken by the resident population where Rome was founded was destined to become the fringe who then ruled all and replaced them.

The original pre-Indo-spoken is not practically remained trace or mention. Scholars have reconstructed some difficulty with place names, place names, as relics of the names given by the peoples who inhabited the peninsula before migration. The Etruscans are therefore the only ones in Italy not to mention an Indo-European language not related to any other local language.

However, there is a document, a stele inscribed from the Greek island of Lemnos, which has a variety of languages very similar to Etruscan.

The language offers us only a few certain facts in this case: the first is that there can be no doubt whatsoever that the Etruscan language is not related to any other spoken in Italian.

The second is that the similarity between the language of inclusion of Lemnos and Etruscan, which seems scientifically proven, cannot be accidental, but points to a relationship. Finally, and this is the result of studies conducted over the past thirty years a new discipline, sociolinguistics, the total dominance of one language over the other always points to a predominance of economic and cultural development of the community of speakers of that language.

So either the Etruscans came from outside and imposed on local populations or are preindoeuropean the original population and migratory movements of the latter failed to establish itself. But it has definitely discarded a hypothesis that was breezy at times: that of a migration of a contingent of people from the east that would have given the language and civilization, instead produced by a local population that did not speak Etruscan but which remained dominant.

The earliest traces of human life in the area date to about 650,000 years ago, along the ancient course of the River Tiber in about 250,000 years, and in the area of the Seven Hills to 1,400 BC.

Traditionally, relations between Rome and the Etruscans were made starting with the events related to the dynasty of the Tarquins, the so-called "Second Age Regia" of Rome, a series of historical events, even though he reworked, however, that a decisive impact on 'political and institutional evolution of the city in its transition from monarchy to a republic.

But the presence of local populations of Etruscan origin and born in the hills where Rome is today archaeologically proved, among other things, the recent discovery of artifacts dating to the early Iron Age, with clear influences of the Late Villanovan Culture, as well as epigraphic and literary sources, which hint at past contacts between the King of Alba Longa Amulius and the Etruscan King Vel Vipe or, most likely of Veii.

  This takes place before the foundation of Rome, conventionally placed, according to a well-established tradition in the mid-eighth century. BC, more precisely, on 21 April 753 BC, following the Etruscan sacred rites, as described by Livy nell'Ab Topped Urbe, "Since the founding of Rome."

Moreover, this alleged date coincides not only with the end of the period of the development of Etruscan Villanovan civilization, but also the beginning of Greek colonization in Central and South-, around 775 BC, that is, the allocation of the Greeks to Pitecusa, on 'Island of Ischia.

The historical port and then to consider, though unproven, at least plausible direct contacts, trade and cultural influences of Latin populations along the Tiber with the Greeks and Etruscans in the north to the south

The Etruscan civilization, not only precedes the Roman, but it's going to be an essential part and will survive even after the end of the independence of the Etruscan City-State.

Rome is most likely to be reported with the few "old Latin" Roma "breast."

The name Ruma "breast" most likely was referring to the kind of prominence or promontory shaped "breast" feminine note, which was formed on the right bank of the Tiber (IE that Vientiane, or Etruscan, opposite 'Tiber Island and today's Palatine bridge.

There is first of all to point out that originally the Tiber flowed not at the center of Lazio but it marked the border of Etruria and Latium Vetus in the south to the north, and also played a very important role in the lives of the Romans and Etruscans, both the watering of the men and their beasts, both for watering the gardens, and finally as a transport route for people, animals and goods in the first place salt. And for these important reasons, the river had also been deified by the name of Tiberinus.

Among the dictates of the Etruscan discipline famous throughout antiquity was the foundation of the city for which they provided very meticulous arrangements.

Greetings began to demarcate a portion of the sky with its consecrated according to the right (and defined by the term significant templum) in which omens derived from the flight of birds that crossed from meteorological phenomena at that perimeter could occur, or other event considered from the gods.

They were then identified the center of the city itself and the main line road digging graves in which were placed offers and stacked stones that served both as reference points from both sacred places. It was then traced with a bronze plowshare plow a furrow continuous drawing the perimeter of the walls, broken only where it would open the doors of the city; the groove toasty line inviolable for all men and cross tantamount to attack the city.

Along the perimeter of the walls also ran, both outside and inside, a wide strip of land (the pomerium) that should not be cultivated or built up and that neither was dedicated to the deity. A solemn ceremony of sacrifice inaugurated the city as well foreshadowed.

The founding of Rome by Romulus and Remus as well as have it handed down the legends is a timely Etruscan ritual: the twins who observe the flight of birds to decide which of the two would give the city its name, the groove traced by Romulus killing Remus who, jumping inside the perimeter, the profane and the sacred boundaries'' invades "the new foundation.

Thor, or in Latinized version Thoro, is one of the major Norse gods, known as the god of thunder. The Norse mythology is full of stories about the exploits of Thor and his enduring struggle against the jötunn. 

The name "Thor" and its variants all stem from Proto-Germanic * Thunraz, meaning "lightning", "thunder" (in the Germanic languages today: thunder English, Dutch donder, German Donner). 

Thor is the god theologically (and man) who owns, or is totally identified with the '"weapon" divine, "virtue", ie the "view" of the cosmic principle (the Hammer of Thor, compared to the Vedic Vajra -tibetan). 

Its strength, already legendary, was increased by three items that never left and that made him almost invincible: a belt that doubled the strength of the wearer, a pair of iron gloves and the legendary hammer Mjollnir, instrument used to strike monsters and enemies, the operation is similar to that of a boomerang, which symbolically represented the lightning and, therefore, predicted rainfall. 

The farmers used to wear necklaces with hanging hammers just to appease the gods. 

His means of displacement was a chariot drawn by two goats (Tanngnjóstr and Tanngrisnir). Although these animals had miraculous properties: 

for Thor, during his travels, it was customary to eat it ,whereas preserving the skin and bones, the next morning would be reborn. 

In his frequent raids was often accompanied by Loki. In his epic gigantomachy, reflected the sense of a mythical initiation that will allow him, after proving its worth, to get the deserved "degrees". 

During Ragnarok, Thor will kill and be killed by Miðgarðsormr (or even Jörmungandr), the serpent of Midgard (Earth): 

Thor will kill the snake, and tainted by his poisonous breath, will only nine steps before falling down dead in turn, as if to symbolize the eternal struggle between good and evil.

After this historical introduction to Norse mythology, one cannot fail to keep in mind as always the thunder or lightning, fill the imagination of thousands of years of human civilization. 

If this "collective imagination", was not so much an illusion? 

Many of the historical references ,proven over the millennia we have a man "Powerful" but "Subjugated" natural events. 

It is intended for Powerful the ability of mankind to stand out from the animal to the right decision. 

Without enlarging the field to be examined too, now let the animal kingdom out of the topic. 

The human race has always expressed an interest in anything that cannot explain, with the curiosity of a monkey. 

For this reason it has developed a science called "medicine", and where the medicine could not cure, intervened religion, with prayers and rituals. 

So the "Answer" was in fact "Imaginary" not real .... 

We rely, therefore, right in the famous "Entity", which features the ability to meet and identity unconsciousness, that the man manifests itself in various occasions. 

Christianity for nearly a millennium has even imposed on the people that everything is explainable, in one way or another, refuting the absolute as a Christian Catholic and outstanding as Evil Hell. 

Effect of iron !! Let's move was in prior to the discovery of iron, imagine what life was like in a world dominated by the sounds of Earth. 

How was life on the planet without the sound of metallurgy? 

The first evidence of human metallurgy dates back to the fifth and sixth millennium BC, the archaeological sites of Majdanpek, Yarmovac and Plocnik all three in Serbia. 

To date, the most ancient copper smelting is located on the site Belovode; among the examples, there is an ax of copper in 5500 BC belonging to the Vinča culture. 

Other signs of metallurgy are found from the third millennium BC Palmela (Portugal), Cortes de Navarra (Spain), and Stonehenge (United Kingdom). 

However, as is often the case with the study of prehistory, new discoveries are continuous and ongoing. 

In the ancient Middle East, in areas close to the fertile crescent, were extracted from ore: arsenic, copper, tin, iron, gold, silver lead. 

Silver, copper, tin and meteoric iron can also be found native, that allowed a limited number of metal working in primitive cultures. 

Egyptian weapons in meteoric iron of about 3000 BC were defined as "Daggers from Heaven". However, learning to extract copper and tin by heating rocks and combining those two metals to make an alloy called bronze, the technology of metallurgy began about 3500 BC with the Bronze Age. 

Daggers from the sky ... Lightning and thunderbolts, we are talking about Thor, and not only that perhaps escapes to the human eye and how this industrial revolution has generated for the first time in the history of noise pollution. 

Generated by the human faculty of to choose and decide the extraction of minerals necessary gave rise at that  we call noise pollution and exploitation of mineral fields on the planet. 

The Thunder, who ruled the global consciousness of living beings on our planet, for the first time is disturbed by the sound expressed by the man .All the sound generated by the formation and use of the same tools in metal forever alienate man from his path global harmonic with the planet. 

As long as man has suffered, the uncertainty of the global conscience, has been pushed towards a spiritual quest connected to the universe as to Energy . when it discovered the iron has modified its search spiritual  in scientific research, moving away from what has been for centuries the earth's evolution as a global growth of a biological system unit. 

More distance from this process so natural, the "Man ,Distracted," pushes the boundaries of Space, vsiting other planets without a purpose, if not with the curiosity of a monkey. 

So more distance from Mother Earth that welcomed him for millennia guarding and feeding him as a beloved child.